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. 2021 Jan fifteen;172:112752.

doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112752. Epub 2020 Oct 24.

COVID-xix diagnosis -A review of current methods

Affiliations

  • PMID: 33126180
  • PMCID: PMC7584564
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112752

Free PMC article

Review

COVID-xix diagnosis -A review of electric current methods

Meral Yüce  et al. Biosens Bioelectron. .

Free PMC article

Abstruse

A fast and accurate self-testing tool for COVID-xix diagnosis has become a prerequisite to cover the exact number of cases worldwide and to take medical and governmental actions accordingly. SARS-CoV-2 (formerly, 2019-nCoV) infection was first reported in Wuhan (Cathay) in December 2019, and then information technology has speedily spread around the earth, causing ~14 meg active cases with ~582,000 deaths equally of July 2020. The diagnosis tools available so far take been based on a) viral cistron detection, b) human antibody detection, and c) viral antigen detection, among which the viral cistron detection by RT-PCR has been found as the virtually reliable technique. In this report, the current SARS-CoV-2 detection kits, exclusively the ones that were issued an "Emergency Use Authorization" from the U.S. Nutrient and Drug Administration, were discussed. The key structural components of the virus were presented to provide the audience with an understanding of the scientific principles backside the testing tools. The methods that are still in the early inquiry state were too reviewed in a subsection based on the reports available and then far.

Keywords: COVID-xix; Lateral flow assay; Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; Point of care devices; RT-PCR; SARS-CoV-2 detection; SARS-CoV-two diagnosis.

Conflict of interest argument

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could take appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. ane

A visual artwork for whole SARS-CoV-ii virus (a), cryo-EM restructure of SARS-CoV-2 S trimer glycoprotein, which is responsible for host jail cell receptor bounden (b), and the complete genome structure of SARS-CoV-ii virus (c). a) The morphological construction of SARS-Cov-2 reproduced from ref (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020). "The envelope membrane is associated with the spike protein (Due south), which mediates binding to the host cell receptors and considered a critical target for the induction of antibodies capable of neutralizing the virus; hemagglutinin-esterase dimer (HE), which acts as a strong mediator of attachment and destruction of sialic acid receptors on the host jail cell surface; a membrane glycoprotein (One thousand), which is of import to generate the virus; and the envelope poly peptide (Eastward), which adheres to the Grand protein to grade the viral envelope. The viral construction besides comprises a nucleocapsid protein (N) that, along with the RNA genome, produces the nucleocapsid." (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020). b) The reconstruction of the closed SARS-CoV-2 S ectodomain trimer at 2.8Å resolution reproduced from ref (Walls et al., 2020). "(A) Closed SARS-CoV-ii Due south trimer unsharpened cryo-EM map. (B and C) Two orthogonal views from the side (B) and top (C) of the atomic model of the airtight SARS- CoV-ii" (Walls et al., 2020). c) Complete genome construction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the information is redrawn based on the data and results of ref (Khailany et al., 2020).

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

The principle of RT-PCR based on commercial TaqMan probes (a) and the relative amplicon positions for SARS-Cov-2 on GenBank information of the previous SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (b). a) TagMan Probe-based RT-PCR steps. The illustration was redrawn based on Ref (Roy et al., 2019). The probe is modified with a fluorescent dye (reporter dye) at one end, and one quencher dye on the other finish. The quencher blocks the fluorescent signal of the reporter dye due to proximity. The probe does not fluoresce in its native condition. When the polymerase enzyme starts the distension and encounters with the labeled probe, the probe gets hydrolyzed, releasing its components away from each other, which constitutes a fluorescent bespeak. Each successful distension produces fluorescent that is proportional to the corporeality of the target cistron in the sample. b) Relative positions of amplicon targets on SARS-CoV and Wuhan-CoV genome. South: Spike glycoprotein, East: Envelope protein, M: Membrane protein, North: nucleocapsid; ORF: open reading frame; RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Numbers below amplicon are genome positions according to SARS-CoV, NC_004718". Reproduced from ref (Corman et al., 2020).

Fig. 3
Fig. 3

(a) Illustration of the method workflow. Standard RNA extraction solution or original sample matrix tin can be used every bit an input to discover E, Northward, and RNase P genes. The assay is monitored past a fluorescent reader or lateral menstruation strip. (b) Lateral flow readout of SARS-CoV-2 positive sample. Detection of at least two genes is necessary for positive sample confirmation. Reproduced from ref (Broughton et al., 2020).

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